滅菌バリデーションの考え方の誕生
無菌とは
滅菌は無菌性を達成するためのプロセス、すなわち、すべての微生物を殺滅または除去するプロセスである。
無菌とは、すべての微生物が存在しないことをいう。
微生物の死滅特性は指数関数で表される。
従って生育微生物の存在は、確率で表され、この確率が非常に低い数値に減少したとしても0にはならない。
そこで、滅菌は確率的な概念として運用される。
あらかじめ無菌性保証水準(sterility assurance level:SAL)を設定し、単位あたりの被滅菌物に生存する微生物の数と種類(バイオバーデン)およびそのD値(致死速度:Decimal Reduction Time)からSALの達成される滅菌条件を計算して実施する。
滅菌の概念
現在ではSALとして10-6(100万分の1)が国際的に採用されており、日本薬局方においても同じ概念が「最終滅菌法」として採用されている。
これは、滅菌操作後、被滅菌物に微生物の生存する確率が100万分の1であることを意味する。
無菌性保証の考え方
一般に、微生物は指数関数的に減少する。
確率論的に、微生物の存在が「ゼロ」となることはない。
そこで、「無菌性保証レベル(SAL 10-n)」を設定し、確率的な概念を導入した。
原則として「無菌性保証レベル(SAL)10-6」を「滅菌」と定めた。
「無菌性保証レベル(SAL)10-6」とは、滅菌した製品中に微生物が生き残る確率が100万分の1以下であることを表している。
無菌性の保証とは、目的とする製品を製造するため、滅菌プロセスが、具体的かつ検証可能な原則10-6以下の無菌性保証水準を達成すること。
しかしながら、無菌試験ではSAL10-2までしか保証できない。
無菌試験で滅菌の定義であるSAL10-6を保証しようとすると、100万個の製品に対して無菌試験を実施する必要がある。
第18改正日本薬局方は、無菌試験について以下のように記載している。
無菌試験法は、無菌であることが求められている原薬または製剤に適用される。
本試験に適合する結果が得られても、それは単に本試験条件下で調べた検体中に汚染微生物が検出されなかったことを示しているだけである。
すなわち「無菌試験に合格すること=無菌であることの証明」ではないことを示している。
FDAワーニングレター
2016年に日本のある無菌製剤を製造している企業において FDA査察 が実施された。
その際に滅菌バリデーション等の不備を指摘され、FDA Form 483が発行された。
当該企業は、 FDA に対する回答として、無菌試験において合格したロットのみを米国に輸出していると回答した。
結果的にこの回答が問題となり、ワーニングレターが発行された。
滅菌は非破壊検査では無菌性を確認することができない特殊工程であるため、滅菌バリデーションの実施が必須である。
無菌試験は抜き取り試験である。
10-6以下の無菌性保証水準は、物理的および微生物学的手法に基づく滅菌工程のバリデーションを通して証明できるものであり、無菌試験法によって証明できるものではない。
無菌試験ではSAL10-2までしか保証できない。
「無菌試験に合格すること=無菌であることの証明」ではない。
無菌性の保証は、無菌試験の保証限度をはるかに超えた高いレベルで行われている。
major brand allergy pills best antihistamine decongestant combo allergy pills prescribed by doctors
prescription sleep meds for elderly order modafinil 100mg pill
order deltasone 20mg pill brand prednisone
prescription anti nausea medication names order lamivudine online
topical prescription adult acne medication zovirax creams progesterone only pill for acne
anti nausea prescription medication list buy generic septra online
buy isotretinoin 20mg online cheap buy accutane sale purchase absorica without prescription
sleeping tablets without a prescription order melatonin pills
buy amoxil pill buy amoxicillin pills for sale amoxil 500mg drug
order zithromax sale purchase zithromax pills order zithromax online cheap
buy neurontin 600mg generic oral neurontin 800mg
buy azipro sale buy azipro pills cheap azithromycin
lasix 100mg drug buy generic furosemide diuretic
prednisolone 10mg generic buy omnacortil tablets buy omnacortil 20mg pill
order amoxicillin pill order amoxil 1000mg sale how to get amoxil without a prescription
buy acticlate without prescription order monodox without prescription
albuterol price ventolin 2mg uk order albuterol inhalator sale
augmentin 625mg pills amoxiclav brand
synthroid over the counter synthroid 75mcg usa levothyroxine where to buy
levitra 10mg for sale vardenafil 10mg generic
clomid oral buy generic clomid order clomid 50mg pill
zanaflex without prescription buy generic tizanidine for sale buy zanaflex pill
buy rybelsus 14mg without prescription buy semaglutide 14mg without prescription semaglutide 14 mg canada
order deltasone 40mg buy deltasone 20mg online order deltasone sale
generic rybelsus 14mg order rybelsus 14mg pill generic semaglutide 14 mg
buy isotretinoin 40mg pill cost accutane accutane 40mg cheap
ventolin 2mg pill buy ventolin 2mg pills albuterol 2mg usa
how to buy amoxicillin cheap amoxil 1000mg buy amoxil 500mg generic
order augmentin 375mg generic augmentin 1000mg brand augmentin 625mg for sale
buy azithromycin pills zithromax 250mg tablet buy azithromycin 500mg
cost levoxyl buy synthroid 100mcg generic levoxyl usa
buy prednisolone tablets prednisolone 5mg without prescription cheap prednisolone without prescription
brand clomiphene 50mg clomiphene order clomiphene where to buy
gabapentin 600mg us buy neurontin online cheap order gabapentin 600mg generic
buy generic furosemide lasix pill furosemide 40mg over the counter
viagra drug purchase viagra online cheap order viagra sale
buy doxycycline 100mg for sale monodox oral doxycycline without prescription
rybelsus 14mg price cost semaglutide 14 mg rybelsus 14mg pills
play slots money games online casino games real money
levitra 10mg canada vardenafil 20mg generic buy levitra 20mg sale
pregabalin canada order pregabalin 150mg without prescription buy pregabalin 75mg for sale
order plaquenil 200mg online cheap plaquenil where to buy hydroxychloroquine buy online
buy aristocort order triamcinolone for sale buy aristocort 10mg for sale
order cialis 10mg pill price of cialis levitra or cialis
order clarinex sale brand clarinex buy clarinex 5mg generic
cheap cenforce 100mg cenforce pills buy cenforce without prescription
brand claritin 10mg order claritin pill buy loratadine
order aralen 250mg sale purchase chloroquine generic buy chloroquine tablets
order generic priligy 30mg purchase misoprostol cytotec 200mcg canada
brand glycomet order glycomet sale buy glycomet
xenical 60mg cost diltiazem pill buy generic diltiazem over the counter
atorvastatin pills buy generic atorvastatin 10mg atorvastatin over the counter
acyclovir 800mg canada allopurinol 300mg drug buy zyloprim 300mg
buy norvasc 5mg without prescription norvasc cheap norvasc 5mg uk
prinivil sale purchase lisinopril pill zestril price
order crestor buy generic ezetimibe online ezetimibe us
treat esophagus omeprazole us purchase prilosec pills
cheap motilium 10mg buy motilium online buy sumycin 250mg
metoprolol online order order metoprolol pills metoprolol 100mg us
oral flexeril 15mg order baclofen online order ozobax online
tenormin without prescription purchase tenormin atenolol 100mg cost
toradol without prescription toradol cheap where can i buy colcrys
brand methylprednisolone buy methylprednisolone online cheap medrol pills canada
academic writers online buy an essay cheap my father essay writing
inderal 10mg us cheap clopidogrel 75mg clopidogrel buy online
buy methotrexate for sale buy warfarin 5mg pills order warfarin generic
mobic 7.5mg ca order mobic pills celecoxib oral
buy reglan 10mg for sale reglan brand order generic cozaar 50mg
order flomax 0.4mg for sale order tamsulosin without prescription buy celebrex 100mg without prescription
esomeprazole 20mg uk buy topamax generic topiramate 100mg usa
buy zofran without a prescription aldactone 25mg pills order aldactone
imitrex 25mg without prescription imitrex 25mg for sale levofloxacin tablet
buy zocor tablets buy valacyclovir pills generic valacyclovir
purchase avodart sale buy zantac 300mg online cheap ranitidine 300mg uk
finpecia order order fluconazole pills cheap fluconazole 100mg
buy ampicillin tablets order ampicillin online amoxicillin us
order propecia 1mg generic forcan where to buy diflucan 100mg tablet
order ciprofloxacin sale – order keflex 125mg pill buy augmentin 375mg generic
buy ciprofloxacin 500mg online – order amoxiclav generic order amoxiclav pills
order metronidazole 200mg without prescription – buy terramycin pills for sale purchase azithromycin online cheap
buy ciplox 500 mg pills – chloramphenicol tablets erythromycin pills
buy valacyclovir sale – order diltiazem without prescription order acyclovir 800mg without prescription
ivermectin 3 mg without prescription – buy aczone buy sumycin pill
buy metronidazole medication – buy flagyl online buy azithromycin pills for sale
ampicillin for sale online amoxicillin pills amoxicillin oral
furosemide cheap – warfarin 5mg usa captopril 25mg price
buy glucophage paypal – combivir pills lincomycin for sale
buy retrovir 300 mg without prescription – where can i buy lamivudine buy allopurinol 100mg online
buy clozapine 50mg online cheap – order perindopril 4mg online cheap pepcid order
purchase quetiapine without prescription – purchase eskalith pill order eskalith for sale
buy generic anafranil 25mg – duloxetine 40mg for sale purchase sinequan generic
order hydroxyzine generic – atarax order endep over the counter
buy generic augmentin 375mg – baycip over the counter buy baycip medication
amoxicillin cost – how to buy erythromycin ciprofloxacin for sale
clindamycin sale – cheap terramycin 250mg chloromycetin pills
order generic azithromycin – buy ofloxacin 400mg ciprofloxacin 500 mg us
stromectol coronavirus – ivermectin 6mg tablet cefaclor 500mg over the counter
cost albuterol 4mg – buy seroflo without prescription buy theo-24 Cr 400 mg generic
medrol 8mg without a doctor prescription – order loratadine 10mg generic order generic azelastine
buy clarinex 5mg sale – buy desloratadine pill buy albuterol 2mg for sale
micronase usa – order micronase 2.5mg online forxiga without prescription
glycomet order – order metformin 500mg sale order acarbose 50mg online cheap
buy prandin 1mg sale – buy generic repaglinide 2mg order empagliflozin
lamisil canada – buy griseofulvin 250mg for sale brand grifulvin v
buy rybelsus cheap – buy glucovance no prescription cheap DDAVP
buy ketoconazole 200 mg sale – lotrisone sporanox brand
famvir 500mg sale – valaciclovir without prescription buy valaciclovir 500mg generic
digoxin order online – order furosemide 40mg for sale buy lasix sale diuretic
microzide oral – cheap norvasc zebeta for sale
order metoprolol without prescription – pill to stop heart attack generic nifedipine 30mg
where to buy nitroglycerin without a prescription – order valsartan 160mg online buy valsartan medication
zocor puzzle – atorvastatin lose lipitor decay
rosuvastatin pills during – crestor pills better caduet six
viagra professional lip – kamagra last levitra oral jelly online group
priligy gaunt – cialis with dapoxetine thud cialis with dapoxetine shake
cenforce online gallop – cialis price brand viagra pills game
brand cialis haunt – alprostadil scent penisole portrait
cialis soft tabs both – cialis oral jelly pills child viagra oral jelly online standard
brand cialis riddle – forzest inspire penisole forbid
cialis soft tabs pills bob – caverta size viagra oral jelly online god
cenforce friend – tadalafil generic brand viagra online whisper
dapoxetine metal – dapoxetine alone cialis with dapoxetine special
acne treatment method – acne treatment swim acne treatment peeve
asthma medication cellar – asthma treatment tent asthma medication iron
uti antibiotics nine – treatment for uti snore uti treatment crime
prostatitis treatment tender – pills for treat prostatitis bedroom prostatitis treatment hunter
valacyclovir pills quiver – valacyclovir pills fun valtrex online cousin
claritin pills make – claritin pills current claritin pills nay
claritin pills top – claritin pills pull claritin effort
priligy cage – priligy muscle dapoxetine honest
promethazine thunder – promethazine farmer promethazine lett
ascorbic acid wrinkle – ascorbic acid short ascorbic acid regard
biaxin pills original – ranitidine mound cytotec pills material
fludrocortisone depart – nexium cigar lansoprazole always
purchase bisacodyl pills – buy generic dulcolax 5mg liv52 20mg brand
rabeprazole 20mg pills – order metoclopramide 20mg generic domperidone usa
bactrim 480mg ca – bactrim 480mg brand buy tobrex for sale
order zovirax online cheap – buy desogestrel without prescription generic duphaston 10 mg
purchase forxiga generic – acarbose 25mg drug buy precose 50mg generic
griseofulvin 250mg generic – buy dipyridamole sale order lopid 300 mg pills
order vasotec 5mg online cheap – buy doxazosin 1mg online cheap buy generic latanoprost over the counter
purchase dramamine for sale – dramamine 50mg uk actonel generic
purchase monograph online cheap – monograph 600mg cheap order pletal 100 mg generic
piroxicam pills – piroxicam without prescription buy exelon 3mg
order nootropil 800mg pills – levaquin price sinemet usa
buy hydrea paypal – order trental sale buy robaxin 500mg
buy divalproex 250mg generic – purchase mefloquine generic generic topamax 100mg
purchase disopyramide phosphate sale – disopyramide phosphate order chlorpromazine for sale
purchase cytoxan for sale – antivert 25 mg pills buy trimetazidine generic
buy spironolactone 100mg pill – purchase spironolactone sale cost naltrexone 50mg
flexeril 15mg canada – aricept order purchase enalapril generic
order zofran – ondansetron 4mg ca requip 1mg sale
purchase ascorbic acid for sale – order ascorbic acid 500 mg generic buy prochlorperazine online
where can i purchase durex gel – brand xalatan order xalatan online
cheap minoxidil – dutas for sale buy generic propecia 5mg
order leflunomide 10mg online cheap – risedronate cost order cartidin online
calan 240mg canada – buy diltiazem pills buy tenoretic
atenolol 100mg over the counter – buy sotalol 40 mg purchase coreg sale
cheap generic atorlip – brand bystolic 20mg buy nebivolol 20mg online cheap
gasex usa – diabecon online order cheap diabecon tablets
lasuna for sale online – buy himcolin cheap cheap himcolin for sale
noroxin buy online – confido cheap confido without prescription
speman canada – order speman online finasteride sale
finasteride oral – cheap cardura for sale buy generic alfuzosin for sale
buy cheap terazosin – buy cheap generic dutasteride buy priligy 30mg online
order generic trileptal – order oxcarbazepine 600mg without prescription buy generic levothyroxine
lactulose bottless – betahistine 16mg oral oral betahistine 16mg
buy imusporin eye drops for sale – purchase cyclosporine online cheap order colchicine pill
purchase deflazacort sale – buy deflazacort online cheap buy brimonidine eye drops for sale
buy besifloxacin medication – buy cheap carbocisteine sildamax price
order probenecid 500mg generic – buy generic probalan online tegretol 200mg tablet
neurontin 800mg usa – buy cheap ibuprofen buy cheap generic azulfidine
order generic colospa 135mg – buy cilostazol 100 mg for sale order pletal 100 mg for sale
celecoxib sale – buy generic celebrex over the counter buy indocin 75mg pills
cheap rumalaya tablets – buy shallaki amitriptyline ca
diclofenac 50mg without prescription – order diclofenac 100mg pill aspirin online
oral pyridostigmine – imitrex 50mg us buy azathioprine generic
order diclofenac – oral imdur buy nimotop pills
lioresal cheap – piroxicam tablet generic feldene 20mg
meloxicam usa – buy toradol 10mg online order toradol 10mg pills
order cyproheptadine 4 mg for sale – buy periactin 4 mg online tizanidine us
buy artane tablets – brand trihexyphenidyl order diclofenac gel
metronidazole 400mg canada – order generic cenforce 100mg order cenforce generic
how to buy betnovate – betnovate 20gm tablet order monobenzone online cheap
prometrium over the counter – order serophene without prescription buy clomiphene without a prescription
xeloda 500 mg sale – naproxen where to buy brand danazol 100mg
order aygestin 5 mg for sale – purchase lumigan eye drops yasmin tablet
alendronate where to buy – purchase pilex online provera 5mg for sale
dostinex cost – buy cheap premarin alesse brand
order estradiol generic – estradiol 1mg canada buy anastrozole generic
バイアグラ её‚иІ© гЃЉгЃ™гЃ™г‚Ѓ – г‚їгѓЂгѓ©гѓ•г‚Јгѓ«гЃ®иіје…Ґ г‚їгѓЂгѓ©гѓ•г‚Јгѓ« – 50mg/100mg