「民間事業者等が行う書面の保存等における情報通信の技術の利用に関する法律」(電子文書法。以下e-文書法)は、2004年11月19日に成立し、2005年4月1日に施行された。
この法律により、電子文書がこれまでの「共有情報」という位置付けから「裁判で使える証拠」とできるようになった。
民間への紙による文書保存義務について、医療機関のカルテなど、原則全て電子保存を容認(運転免許証、損益計算書や貸借対照表、高額の領収書などは除く)している。
画期的なことは、電子署名法では初めから電子文書として作成された文書(電子文書)を対象としていたのに対し、e-文書法では、紙の文書をスキャナで読み取った画像データも一定の技術要件を満たせば原本と見なすことを認めたことである。
例えば領収書を電子保管するための要件(国税庁)は、
- 電子化装置はカラースキャナで、解像度は200~300dpiであること
カラースキャナーを義務つけるのは修正インクなどで改ざんされた場合でも、判別できるようにするためで、解像度が200~300dpiは、4ポイントの字が読める程度である。 - 特定認証局から発行された電子署名とタイム・スタンプ・電子証明書をつけること
- 閲覧性・検索性が確保できていること
- ファイル形式はPDFまたはTIFFであること
などの条件がある。
電子データの作成・保存における課題として「真正性」「見読性」「保存性」「機密性」「検索性」などの確保がある。
電子データの作成・保存における課題として「見読性」「完全性」「機密性」「検索性」などの確保が挙げられるが、電子文書法が対象とする文書にはさまざまなものが含まれ、それぞれ内容・性格が異なるため、見読性や完全性などを確保するための要件は必ずしも共通しない。
内 容 | |
見読性 | 作成・保存した文書を表示・印刷でき、内容が確認できる |
完全性 | 文書の作成者・作成時期、紙文書などと電子化した文書が同一であることが確認できる(真正性) |
保存義務期間中に文書が改ざん・消去されないこと、改ざんされたことが確認できる(真正性) | |
保存義務期間中に文書が消失、破損しない(保存性) | |
機密性 | 文書の盗難、漏えい、盗み見などが防止できる |
検索性 | 必要に応じて求める文書を探し出せる |
そのため電子保存の具体的な方法や要件については、e-文書法では規定せず、文書内容の重要性や消失・改ざん・漏えいなどが発生した場合の影響の大きさなどによって、各省庁が省令によって定めている。
それらの要件の対応方法は、対象文書によって大きく異なるため、電子保存の具体的な方法や要件については、e-文書法では規定せず、文書内容の重要性や消失・改ざん・漏えいなどが発生した場合の影響の大きさなどによって、各省庁が省令によって定めている。
厚生労働省では、平成17年3月25日に「厚生労働省の所管する法令の規定に基づく民間事業者等が行う書面の保存等における情報通信の技術の利用に関する省令」(厚生労働省令第44号)が出された。
厚生労働省令第44号では、GLP省令、GCP省令、GMP省令、GVP省令、GPSP省令における記録・文書等の電磁的記録による保存について、見読性の要件を満たすことを求めているが、完全性、機密性、検索性に関しては要望していない。ちなみに日本版ER/ES指針では、「真正性」「見読性」「保存性」の3つの要件を求めており、省令の要件よりも厳しくなっている。
また厚生労働省令第44号では、スキャナで取り込んだ書面に電子署名を付す事を求めていない。(国税庁などはスキャン時に電子署名を付す事を義務つけている。)
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